Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Expert Reveals Symptoms And Prevention Tips

With the number of suspected and confirmed GBS cases rising, we reached out to Dr Aditya Gupta, Director of Neurosurgery & Cyberknife at Artemis Hospital in Gurugram, to shed light on this rare condition, its symptoms, and preventive measures.

What Is Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)?

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a rare condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s nerves, often triggered by a bacterial or viral infection, or sometimes a vaccine. According to Dr Gupta, GBS occurs when the body’s immune defence system turns against its peripheral nerves.

The condition leads to symptoms such as weakness, tingling sensations, and paralysis in the limbs, with patients often feeling a lack of mobility. It usually begins after an infection, like the flu or a stomach disorder, and progressively worsens, affecting the patient's ability to move.

Dr Aditya told us, “GBS is often linked to previous viral infections, the exact cause remains unclear.” Although some vaccinations have been associated with an increased risk of developing GBS, experts emphasise that the benefits of these vaccines in preventing serious infections far outweigh the potential risk of GBS.

Symptoms Of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

GBS presents with a range of symptoms, including weakness or tingling that typically starts in the legs and spreads to the arms and face. Individuals may also experience difficulty walking, muscle pain, imbalance, and in severe cases, paralysis. The onset of these symptoms is usually sudden, worsening rapidly over hours or days.

According to the National Library of Medicine, additional symptoms may include:

• A pins-and-needles sensation in the fingers, toes, ankles, or wrists.
• Weakness in the legs that progresses to the upper body.
• Difficulty walking or climbing stairs.
• Trouble with facial movements, including speaking, chewing, or swallowing.
• Double vision or inability to move the eyes.
• Severe pain that can feel achy, shooting, or cramp-like, often worsening at night.
• Problems with bladder control or bowel function.
• Rapid heart rate and fluctuating blood pressure.
• Difficulty breathing.

People with GBS usually experience their most severe weakness within two weeks of symptom onset.

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How To Prevent Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

While GBS cannot be completely prevented, the risk of infections that trigger it can be reduced. Practising good hygiene, such as frequent hand washing, and taking precautions to avoid contaminated food or water can help minimise the risk of infections like ‘Campylobacter.’ Staying up-to-date on vaccinations and seeking prompt medical attention if you develop the flu or experience stomach-related illnesses can further reduce the likelihood of developing GBS.

If you experience symptoms of GBS, such as weakness, tingling, or difficulty walking, it’s crucial to seek medical attention immediately. Early treatment improves outcomes. A doctor will typically diagnose GBS through tests like nerve studies or a spinal tap to determine the cause of the symptoms.

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Treatment options include immunoglobulin therapy or plasma exchange, which help prevent the immune system from damaging the nerves. In more severe cases, breathing support or physical therapy may be required to aid recovery.

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Credits: Freepik